3/31/2023 0 Comments Nexus unionEuropean Council ( 2015) Draft Council Conclusion, Brussels, 26 June 2015.European Council ( 2014) Council Conclusions on the EU's Comprehensive Approach, Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels.European Council ( 2012) Council Conclusions on Policy Coherence for Development, Foreign Affairs Council Meeting, Brussels.European Council ( 2009) Council Conclusions on Policy Coherence for Development (PCD), 2974th External Relations Council Meeting, Brussels, 17 November 2009.EC/HRVP ( 2015b) Review of the European Neighbourhood Policy.EC/HRVP ( 2015a) Elements for an EU Regional Strategy for Syria and Iraq as well as the Da'esh Threat, JOIN(2015) 2 Final.European Commission/High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (EC/HRVP) ( 2013) Joint communication to the European Parliament and the Council: the EU's comprehensive approach to external conflict and crises, JOIN(2013) 30 Final.EC ( 2011) Increasing the Impact of EU Development Policy: An Agenda for Change.Brussels: Commission of the European Communities. European Commission (EC) ( 2009) Policy Coherence for Development – Establishing the policy framework for a whole-of-the-Union approach.The Hague: Centre for the Law of EU External Relations. ( 2012) Setting Up the European External Action Service: An institutional act of balance. Brussels: Centre for European Policy Studies. ( 2007) Policy Coherence for Development in the EU Council. ( 2008) ‘ The Lisbon Treaty and External Relations’, EIPASCOPE ( 1): 1– 6. ( 2002) ‘ The European Security and Defence Policy’, Journal of Common Market Studies 40( 4): 719– 41. ( 2012) ‘ Subsidiarity: A political and legal analysis’, Journal of Common Market Studies 50( 1): 72– 87. ( 2016) ‘ The European Union and Policy Coherence for Development: Reforms, results, resistance’, European Journal of Development Research 28( 1): 30– 43. ( 2008) ‘ Mission Impossible: The European Union and Policy Coherence for Development’, Journal of European Integration 30( 3): 323– 42. ( 2006) The European Union as a Global Actor, 2nd Edition, Abingdon: Routledge. ( 2016) ‘ European Union Development Policy: Collective Action in Times of Global Transformation and Domestic Crisis’, Development Policy Review (this special issue). ( 2007) ‘ Trade Policy and Health: From conflicting interests to policy coherence’, Bulletin of the World Health Organization 85( 3): 169– 73. ( 2012) ‘ The UK and European Defence: Leading or leaving?’, International Affairs 88( 6): 1297– 313. ( 2013) ‘ “The Mitrailleuse Effect”: The EEAS as an Interstitial Organization and the Dynamics of Innovation in Diplomacy’, Journal of Common Market Studies 51( 4): 598– 613.
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3/31/2023 0 Comments Zotero marginnoteThe user is mostly isolated from the LaTeX code and is not in complete control of it, and for that reason LyX is generally not considered as a proper LaTeX editor.Hi, I recently logged back into the TB forum and saw that you asked a question about my work process as it relates to OmniOutliner.īasically, I’ve been annotating my PDF files with MarginNote, a PDF annotation application that can export the just annotations (i.e., the notes generated from highlights, along with a MarginNote-created URL for each annotation, and the notes and hashtags attached to each annotation/note). LyX saves a document in its own markup, from which LaTeX code can then be generated. LyX calls this a What You See Is What You Mean (WYSIWYM) approach, since the screen only shows the structure and an approximation of the output. It contains formula and table editors and shows visual clues of the final document on the screen - which enables users to write LaTeX documents without worrying about the actual syntax. It provides a graphical interface to LaTeX, including several popular packages. LyX is a popular document preparation system for Windows, Linux and Mac OS. Gummi is a LaTeX editor for Linux, which compiles the output of pdflatex in real-time and shows it on the right half of the screen. GEdit is a cross-platform application for Windows, Mac, and Linux Gedit with gedit-latex-plugin is also worth trying out for users of GNOME. Depending on the configuration, Emacs can provide a complete LaTeX editing environment with auto-completion, spell-checking, a complete set of keyboard shortcuts, view of table of contents, document preview and many other features. In turn beginners may prefer to use it in combination with AUCTeX and Reftex (extensions that may be installed into the Emacs program). Advanced users can program it (in elisp) to make Emacs the best LaTeX environment that will fit their needs. Microsoft Word can accept LaTeX through Equation Editor, but it is not a full-fledged LaTeX editor.Ĭross-platform Emacs Įmacs is a general purpose, extensible text processing system. Dedicated LaTeX editors are more useful than generic plain text editors, because they are usually equipped with the autocomplete feature for commands, spelling and error checking and other handy macros. Notepad), not a word processor (e.g., Microsoft Word, LibreOffice Writer). TeX and LaTeX source documents (and its related auxiliary files) are all plain-text files, and can be opened and modified in almost any text editor. You may still have to wipe out the folders if you put untracked files in them. Still, TeX Live provides a more convenient way to do this: Therefore TeX Live can be installed and uninstalled safely by removing the aforementioned folders. the system cache goes in /var/lib/texmf.The distribution is quite proper as it will not write any file outside its folder, except for the cache (like font cache, hyphenation patters, etc.). TeX compilers will re-generate the cache accordingly on next compilation.īy default TeX Live will install in /usr/local/texlive. You may safely remove this folder as it contains only generated data. The TeX Live cache is usually stored in the ~/.texliveYYYY folder ( YYYY stands for the year). You need to remove it so that the new packages are taken into account. Note that if you have been using another TeX distribution beforehand, you may still have hyphenation cache stored in you home folder.
3/31/2023 0 Comments House of gord chairBut it has to be a certain kind of quality. A three-dimensional object standing in space can be far more challenging.?īut certain objects just speak to me dilapidated examples in the garbage just beg to be dealt with in some way or reconditioned or redirected. ?I moved away from painting toward more three-dimensional work because there is much more risk involved. ?I was very interested in continuing to make furniture as long as I could make it in the way I wanted to make it and say the things I felt were important to say,? he reflects. At some point his craft began to overlap his art. In the process he learned woodworking and metalworking and began making furniture. At the same time he began working with an uncle who restored antiques, something he still continues to do. Peteran started out pursuing drawing and painting at the Ontario College of Art in Toronto, where he now teaches. ?It is made from rough walnut boards milled to perfection,? he said, ?and finished to perfection.? One piece, among his favorites, is ?Two,? a pair of supine chairs conjoined at the legs like Siamese twins and perched in a brass cradle. Peteran in fact is eminently capable of fine furniture making and some of his pieces reflect a beautifully skilled planing, execution and aesthetic. It?s a play on the purposefully rustic aesthetic popularized by Thomas Chippendale back in the mid 18th century. When an image of it appeared in ?Woodwork? magazine, it set off a firestorm of letters both pro and con.Īn even cruder example of a demilune is Peteran?s ?An Early Table,? a collection of twigs held together in the shape of a table with string. One of his demilunes, ?A Table Made of Wood,? is a sorry collection of scrap wood salvaged from his workshop floor and made in the shape of a classic half table. ?If you go to a furniture store and buy one, they sit in people?s homes as a sort of standard in the hall. Take for instance, your classic demilune ? those halfmoon consoles made to occupy the space in a foyer or entry.Īs a commonplace item found in many homes, it?s an archaic item that intrigues Peteran. Or as Glen Adamson, who curated the exhibit for the Milwaukee Art Museum and who now works at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London, observes of Peteran in the exhibit catalogue, ?At Peteran?s hands furniture dies a fascinating death, without ever quite going away.? I tear furniture apart, stir up the information and re-configure it,? he explains. ?I?m a sculptor who explores the ideas we have spent generations attaching to the objects of the home, specially furniture. But he suspects he may be alone in the way he ?dismembers the subject matter of furniture. Peteran acknowledges he?s not the first artist to use furniture as a key element and theme. Chairman of the furniture department at California College of the Arts, Fortescue maintained a commercial furniture studio in Australia for 10 years, and worked with leading furniture makers and craftspeople in Australia, the U.K., Japan, and the United States. Peteran?s wickedly whimsical take on furniture will appear with a companion exhibit of pieces by Donald Fortescue, whose fine woodworking and focus on a range of materials in their purest form, from stainless steel and Lycra to cast bronze and glass, also bridges the boundary between furniture and art. It?s not quite a table, but more than a table,? he says with unmasked fiendish delight. ?Sometimes people coming into homes of collectors of my work at first don?t notice the evil lurking, and that gives the owners great delight when their guests do notice things. ?People say, ?What?s that? So I say ?That?s furniture, not sculpture,? and see what they do next,? he impishly says in a phone interview from Toronto, where he maintains both a ?dry? work design studio at home and a ?dirty workshop? where he fabricates, milling lumber in traditional ways and machining metal. A traveling exhibit of his provocative work, which he has dubbed ?furnitural,? opens today at the Sonoma Valley Museum of Art and runs through March 1. That?s part of the fun of Peteran?s peerless furniture sculpture, aimed at making you re-examine how you perceive the everyday objects in your home. Is it furniture, or is it art? You decide. The tubular steel frame of a Marcel Breuer chair, wired and lit with a single bulb, becomes ?Electric Chair.? Or ponder ?Mechanics of Memory,? an assemblage of found objects from a kiddie swing to a set of horns, all hanging from a wooden coat rack you might place beside your front door. In his wickedly subversive hands, a chair, a clock, a table, are re-imagined into intriguing evocations of their former selves. In Gord Peteran?s workshop, mute household objects are made to spill their secrets as they evolve into something else.Ī fine cabinetmaker as well as a conceptual artist, Peteran is the Dr. 3/31/2023 0 Comments World of goo free full versionWorld of Goo v1.53(A) - World of goo full free download for pc Your email address will not be published. If you still face any problems or want to report any bugs please contact me. This is a must-try game for children to develop their puzzle-solving skills. The game is popularly known for its technical intelligence and has won various awards in many categories. World of Goo was nominated for several awards for its innovation, design, and music system. This feature can be activated only after all animals mankind plant-based lives come to an end and become incompatible with the Earth. The information superhighway is yet another important feature of the game which helps the player to keep in touch with the technical support team. This feature helps the player to develop mathematical abilities. This is also known as product Z which is one of the notable features of this game that helps the player in mathematics, especially on the Z-axis. During the third level of the corporation develops something called product Z which is mysterious. As she ages, her beauty starts to deteriorate which compels the player to invent a new product. There are heaps of hindrances on your way that will avoid you arriving at the repository. The entirety of the conditions depends on material science. Your inventiveness is the most significant thing at World of Goo to be effective. Related Post: euro truck simulator 2 game download. The wide variety of levels and goo type means that even though you're doing basically the same thing for every level building toward a pipe, it will feel new and different every time.Īdditionally, you can replay levels over and over to try and better the number of goo you collect, the number of moves you took, or the time the level took to complete. There are a surprising large number of goo types slowly introduced whose unique properties are required to complete the levels. Some goo can only be placed once, while other goo can be placed and replaced. There is goo that will act as balloons and lift your structures, or matches and spread fire. The goo balls you need to collect come in various colors and looks with their own unique properties. The levels aren't the only thing that is diverse. There are any number of obstacles and unique aspects to all of the levels that will keep you guessing and on your feet. You must use balloons to keep the bridge from falling into the spikes underneath, but too many placed in the wrong spots and you risk hitting the spikes above! Another level has whatever you build continually tumbling over in a giant dryer-like device. One level has you build a bridge that is surrounded above and below by spikes. Levels are incredibly diverse and different throughout the game. World of Goo is a thrilling puzzle game in which you use wide-eyed balls of goo to build all sorts of structures that will allow them to reach a pipe and be collected. The cute touches added to this game like the Sign Painter with his witty comments and the unique graphics make this game the full package of unbeatable fun! Levels become increasingly more challenging but they're so rewarding to complete. Can you engineer incredible structures using only a little goo? This game will challenge you to think, reason and be extremely creative. Face all sorts of challenging set-ups from narrow vertical passageways to windmills that destroy goo to towers that must reach way into the sky. Congratulations, and good luck! Luckily, on some levels there are pink balloons that lift structures or green gooballs that can be pulled out of the structure again. Processor: Intel Pentium III (1.0 GHz) or AMD Athlon (1.Size: Description System Requirements Game Media.Up to 4 people can enter the adventure world of Guu balls at the same time. Each of the 4 chapters has its own unique graphics and music, limited to a set of 27 drive soundtracks. Gamers from all over the world can participate in the competition for the highest turret, because the height of the constructed high-rise is ed to a separate server. Extra balls are those that were not included in the final amount and were not used to build various structures. The game itself consists of 47 levels, which are enclosed in 4 chapters, but there is also a bonus, where using extra balls, you need to build the highest tower. Each level opens in a new area, where you need to wisely pave the way. To crank it up, you need to build towers, bridges and other structures from the same balls. Video review World of Goo review The main mission of the gamer is to bring a certain number of balls to the exit. 3/31/2023 0 Comments Adobe font kit .zipTypekit will automatically sync to your Creative Cloud apps. If you only want one font in the family, just click the green sync button next to the name of the individual font. To download the entire font family, and click the “sync all” button all the top. Once you’ve found a font you like, open the font page to see all the varieties. If you’re looking for free fonts, stay inside the My Library option. You can navigate outside My Library to the Full Library and Marketplace, but the fonts located in these spots aren’t all included with the Creative Cloud plan and will require additional purchases. Use the filter tools at the right to help find a font you like. When you head to Typekit directly from the Photoshop app, you’re automatically taken to the page that includes fonts that are part of your Creative Cloud subscription - you’ll see “My Library” selected at the top of the page. Using the Typekit search and navigation, find a font you like. The best free photo-editing software for 2022 (Another alternative is to click on Add Fonts From Typekit at the top of the font drop-down menu.) Typekit will then open inside a web browser.Īdobe’s Lightroom just got a whole lot more useful Then, from inside Photoshop’s menu bar, navigate to Type > Add Fonts From Typekit. Access Typekitįirst, make sure you are connected to the internet to use Typekit. The nice thing about using Typekit is that the font automatically syncs to all your Creative Cloud programs across all of your computers, and fonts can also be synced to your system to be used by non-Adobe programs. Using Typekit to add Fonts to PhotoshopĪdobe Typekit is a font library for Creative Cloud that includes both free and paid options. Fortunately, adding a font to Photoshop is easy, but there are a couple of ways to do it, which vary slightly depending on your operating system. You need a font that stands out because you have a message that needs to stand out, and Times New Roman won’t cut it. This is good news, because those stock fonts aren’t good enough for you, are they? Of course not. It’s also expandable, not limited to the fonts that come pre-installed or are already on your computer. Photoshop may have “photo” in its name, but it is designed for all manner creative possibilities, including working with text. 3/31/2023 0 Comments Onyx for mac 10.11Unidirectional microphones are most sensitive to sound arriving from directly in front (at 0°) and less sensitive in other directions. It will be especially useful in good sounding rooms. Therefore, the microphone need not be aimed in a certain direction. This means it picks up sound evenly from all directions. The omnidirectional microphone has equal sensitivity at all angles. It is easy to get a good signal as the cardioid pattern blends out a bad sounding room, a noisy fan in the background, etc. You can use this for most recording applications. This isolates it from unwanted ambient sound. The most commonly used pattern is most sensitive at 0° (the front) and least sensitive at 180° (the back). The most common types are: Cardioid, Omnidirectional, Unidirectional, Bidirectional. Water St.The pick-up pattern of a microphone is the sensitivity to sound relative to the direction or angle from which the sound arrives, or how well the microphone "picks up" the sound from different directions. Our address: Home Computer Repair LLC, 208 E. Just send a check to our computer store payable to Home Computer Repair LLC. Thank you! -Randy & Deanna (The Older Geeks) Raised you to be honorable, make a donation and download No one is stopping you from downloading without donatingīut the site runs on the "Honor System". We like it too! This site has been kept alive for 15 yearsīecause of people just like you who download and donate. Like seeing no ads? No misleading/fake download buttons? Read this and then continue to download below. OnyX only runs from an administrator account.Ĭlick here to visit the author's website. Requirements: PowerPC-based Mac using Mac OS X Jaguar 10.2 with BSD subsystem. OnyX only runs from an administrator account. Requirements: PowerPC-based Mac using Mac OS X Panther 10.3 with BSD subsystem. Maintenance only runs from an administrator account. Requirements: PowerPC-based Mac or Intel-based Mac using Mac OS X Tiger 10.4. Requirements: PowerPC-based Mac or Intel-based Mac using Mac OS X Leopard 10.5. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6. OnyX 2.4.0 for Mac OS X Snow Leopard 10.6 Requirements: Intel-based Mac using OS X Lion 10.7. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using OS X Mountain Lion 10.8. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using OS X Mavericks 10.9. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using OS X Yosemite 10.10. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using OS X El Capitan 10.11. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using macOS Sierra 10.12. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using macOS High Sierra 10.13. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using macOS Mojave 10.14. Requirements: Intel-based Mac using macOS Catalina 10.15. Requirements: Intel-based Mac or Mac with Apple silicon using macOS Big Sur 11. Requirements: Intel-based Mac or Mac with Apple silicon using macOS Monterey 12. The applications are available, but they will be not updated anymore. The development of the old versions is discontinued. Requirements: Intel-based Mac or Mac with Apple silicon using macOS Ventura 13. This download is for (download at bottom of page): Use the correct version, and don't try to use a version intended for an earlier operating system. There is a specific version of OnyX for each major version of the operating system. OnyX is a reliable application which provides a clean interface to many tasks that would otherwise require complex commands to be typed using a command-line interface. OnyX is a multifunction utility that you can use to verify the structure of the system files run miscellaneous maintenance and cleaning tasks configure parameters in the Finder, Dock, Safari, and some Apple applications delete caches remove certain problematic folders and files rebuild various databases and indexes and more. The link is always in the same place.Ī free repair and system cleaning utility for MacOS. We don't believe in fake/misleading download buttons and tricks. Always scroll to the bottom of the page for the download link. 3/31/2023 0 Comments See mouse coordinates paint3dIt lightens an area, flows abrupt edges together, and adds random texture all at once. You can change the freehand tool into the eyedropper tool so you can grab a color from the screen by holding down the ALT key and clicking with the left mouse button on the color you wish to draw with. It has a soft-brush-feel with a natural stroke. I like working with two presets, in particular. I press SPACE for the 'Panning' tool, positioning the giraffe then I use the 'Zoom' tool to size the object. The Rotate Tool is selected, so I move my mouse over that viewport, hold the left mouse button down, and drag to the left to rotate the object. The Material viewport will be to the left, and the Perspective on the right. Using DeepUV version 1.2.0.7, I do a ' File->Open' (CTRL-o) and load ' Giraffe.lwo'. I save it into the ' C:\Program Files\Right Hemisphere\Deep UV\Examples\' folder as ' Giraffe.lwo'. IMPORTANT - Always finish your object completely before creating UV Maps.Īfter creating UV Maps, no new polygons should ever be added, nor should current polygons move their positions. The new features have nothing to do with UV Maps, so you lose nothing by creating the UV Maps using a version 5 object. LWO objects that it will support all features so I always save out a version which has no skelegons, no weight maps, no subsurfacing mode turned on, and simple surface names (or only one surface) when I'm experimenting.Īlso, I export the object in LightWave 5.6 format by doing ' File->Export->Export LightWave 5' from LightWave's Modeler, as programs generally accept version 5.6 objects better than version 7.5 objects (version 5.6 objects were less complex, supporting less capabilities). I never trust when a program says that it can load LightWave. Here's a LightWave Scene rendering of the giraffe with a fake procedural texture to temporarily simulate spots. I'm sure there are better ways to do this, but until people experiment more with the programs, this will have to do. Since there are no tutorials out there telling how to use DeepUV with LightWave objects, this will not be a perfect methods, but at least the methods work (with bugs). I've, many times, already shown you how organic 3D objects are created, so will jump right into the use of DeepUV to generate UV Maps for the giraffe, and the integration with DeepPaint 3D to paint the giraffe's hide. Again, it doesn't have to be perfect, it just needs to be correct enough that you can create a 3D object from the images. I find a back 3/4 view and using the outline from the front view, I fake a back view using my imagination and stolen images of the front of the legs. The front view is more difficult to assemble in such a manner because people rarely take photos of a giraffe from the front.Īnd, the back view is impossible to find. I use Photoshop's 'Scale', 'Rotate', 'Skew', 'Distort' and 'Perspective' tools to size, rotate and position each part until they all feel like they integrate with each other, and are a true side-image with no distortions. If you look at the side-view, you'll see that I got the head from one image, the tail from another and the legs from yet another. 3/31/2023 0 Comments Days gone interactive mapIf you have not received your account information within 3 business days, please reach out to. Please allow 3 business days to receive your login information to access the MF Portal. The hotline is open Monday-Friday from 9:00-4:30.Portland, Maine Office: 2 Monument Square, Suite 910 Portland, Maine 04101 p: 20 Washington, DC Office: 1233 20th St., N.W., Suite 303 Washington, DC 20036 p: (202) 903-0101 f: (202) 903-2790 Contact Us Phone: 20 Governance - Missouri Governance - New Mexico craigslist alabama decatur Checking Your Status Go to Sign into your account o Please be sure to use the email address and the password you created when you created your account You will be able to see your application status on your dashboard Housing Providers will see all the applications that were submitted for and/or by their Tenant applicants tf2 new unusual effects “Statewide Referral Network” or “SRN” means a referral network organized by the Illinois Housing Development Authority, the Illinois Department of Human Services, the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, and the Illinois Department on Aging that was created to allow social service providers to refer clients to housing units specially created for persons at or below 30. All services are available at no cost to Cook County residents and property owners regardless of income, language, or immigration status. Call the CCLAHD hotline at 85 to learn how you can get help resolving your housing and debt problems. Free Legal Help for Residents of Cook County. Wacker Drive Suite 1000 Chicago, IL 60601. geometry unit 10 test circles answer key 111 E. “Statewide Referral Network” or “SRN” means a referral network organized by the Illinois Housing Development Authority, the Illinois Department of Human Services, the Illinois Department of Healthcare and Family Services, and the Illinois Department on Aging that was created to allow social service providers to refer clients to housing units specially created for persons at or below 30. Department of the Treasury’s ERA Program finder to find the rental assistance giver in your area and then apply. Area wise the application process may vary slightly. IHDA emergency rental assistance Application Process You can apply through the local emergency rental assistance (ERA) program.Descending deep into the forgotten burial chambers could yield 10 Free Games with up to 3 Special Expanding symbols, which could grant amazing winnings and pay out even when they fall onto non-adjacent positions. Visiting those will let you gather a lot of XP, credits and trust points.The next adventure begins here! Book of Ra™ – Temple of Gold™ is all about a new, daring explorer and the discovery of amazing riches. We recommend that you first take interest in all the camps (red dots) and large additional locations (blue dots). On this page of our World Atlas to Days Gone we have provided an overview of all important points of interests in the Crater Lake zone. The campsite is high in the mountains.ġ1 – NERO Research Site. The mobile base is inside a small cave behind the waterfall.ġ0 – NERO Research Site. You have to use the bike and jump over the water to reach the island with NERO's mobile base.ĩ – NERO Research Site. You can't swim there, because Deacon will drown. It's inside the same mine you visit as a part of the "Leave All That by the Door" main mission.ĥ – Volcanic Legacy Scenic Byway NERO Checkpoint.Ħ – NERO Research Site. 3/30/2023 0 Comments Detectx cortisolUrinary DNA oxidation marker 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine increased 14% (6.4%, 21%) 1-hr post exposure to copper urinary neural marker vanillylmandelic acid increased 29% (3%, 54%) 1-hr post exposure to aluminum and urinary cortisol increased 88% (0.9%, 176%) 1-hr post exposure to vanadium. For example, the blood inflammatory marker vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF) increased 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%, 10.2%) 1-hr post exposure to nickel the traumatic brain injury marker ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) increased 11% (1.2%, 21%) and 14% (0.3%, 29%) 1-hr and 21-hr post exposure to barium, respectively and the systemic stress marker cortisol increased 1.5% (0%, 2.9%) and 1.5% (0.5%, 2.8%) 1-hr and 21-hr post exposure to silver, respectively. Exposure to various metals (silver, aluminum, barium, copper, iron, potassium, lithium, nickel, tin, and/or vanadium) was significantly associated with increased levels of various blood or urinary biomarkers. Results for metals were expressed as change (%) from daily pre-exposure biomarker levels after exposure to a metal at a level equivalent to the mean concentration. For example, UCHL1 increased 9.4% (1.8%, 17%) in blood 21-h post exposure to ascorbate-related OP, while urinary malondialdehyde increased 19% (3.6%, 35%) and 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine increased 24% (2.9%, 48%) 21-h post exposure to ascorbate- and glutathione-related OP, respectively.ConclusionOur results from this exploratory study suggest that metal constituents and OP in ambient PM may influence biomarker levels associated with systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, perturbations of neural function, and systemic physiological stress. Exposure to ascorbate- or glutathione-related OP was significantly associated with increased inflammatory and neural biomarkers including interleukin-6, VEGF, UCHL1, and S100 calcium-binding protein B in blood, and malondialdehyde and 8-hydroxy-deoxy-guanosine in urine. Results for OP were expressed as change (%) from daily pre-exposure biomarker levels after exposure to ascorbate-related OP at a level equivalent to the mean concentration, or for exposure to glutathione-related OP at a level above the limit of detection. Urinary DNA oxidation marker 8‑hydroxy‑deoxy‑guanosine increased 14% (6.4%, 21%) 1-h post exposure to copper urinary neural marker vanillylmandelic acid increased 29% (3%, 54%) 1-h post exposure to aluminum and urinary cortisol increased 88% (0.9%, 176%) 1-h post exposure to vanadium. For example, the blood inflammatory marker vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF) increased 5.3% (95% confidence interval: 0.3%, 10.2%) 1-h post exposure to nickel the traumatic brain injury marker ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCHL1) increased 11% (1.2%, 21%) and 14% (0.3%, 29%) 1-h and 21-h post exposure to barium, respectively and the systemic stress marker cortisol increased 1.5% (0%, 2.9%) and 1.5% (0.5%, 2.8%) 1-h and 21-h post exposure to silver, respectively. We used mixed-regression models to analyze associations adjusting for PM size and mass concentration.ResultsResults for metals were expressed as change (%) from daily pre-exposure biomarker levels after exposure to a metal at a level equivalent to the mean concentration. Blood and urine samples were collected pre-exposure, and 1-h and 21-h post exposure for assessment of biomarkers. Metal concentrations and OP (measured by ascorbate and glutathione depletion in synthetic airway fluid) in PM were analyzed. Exposures lasted 130 min, separated by ≥2 weeks. In this exploratory study, we examined the effects of metals and oxidative potential (OP) in urban PM on biomarkers of systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and neural function.MethodsFifty-three healthy non-smoking volunteers (mean age 28 years, twenty-eight females) were exposed to coarse (2.5-10 μm, mean 213 μg/m3), fine (0.15-2.5 μm, 238 μg/m3), and/or ultrafine concentrated ambient PM (3). BackgroundOxidative stress and inflammation are considered to be important pathways leading to particulate matter (PM)-associated disease. |
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